高校教师期权式激励机制研究

高校教师工资普遍偏低,已经成为当前我国高等教育领域存在的重要问题之一。期权作为一种薪酬激励的有效方式,在激励机制中发挥着重要的作用。高校教师期权式激励应注意激励资源选择;将当期激励与长期激励机制结合,注意运用多种激励方式;注意激励方式的实施过程中存在的效果促进或抵消因素。     

A generalized algorithm for duration and convexity of option embedded bonds

This article derives a generalized algorithm for duration and convexity of option embedded bonds that provides a convenient way of estimating the dollar value of 1 basis point change in yield known as DV01, an important metric in the bond market. As delta approaches 1, duration of callable bonds approaches zero once the bond is called. However, when the delta is zero, the short call is worthless and duration of callable will be equal to that of a straight bond. On the other hand, the convexity of a callable bond follows the same behaviour when the delta is 1 as shown in Dunetz and Mahoney (1988) as well as in Mehran and Homaifar’s (1993) derivations. However, in the case when delta is zero, the convexity of a callable bond approaches zero as well, which is in stark contrast to the non-zero convexity derived in Dunetz and Mahoney’s paper. Our generalized algorithm shows that duration and convexity nearly symmetrically underestimate (overestimate) the actual price change by 11/10 basis points for ± 100 basis points change in yield. Furthermore, our algorithm reduces to that of MH for convertible bonds assuming the convertible bond is not callable.     

Modelling economic hysteresis losses caused by sunk adjustment costs

Transition from one economic equilibrium to another as a consequence of shocks is often associated with sunk adjustment costs. Firm-specific sunk market entry investments (or sunk market exit costs) in case of a reaction to price shocks are an example. These adjustment costs lead to a dynamic supply pattern similar to hysteresis. In analogy to “hysteresis losses” in ferromagnetism, the authors explicitly model dynamic adjustment losses in the course of market entry and exit cycles. They start from the micro level of a single firm and use explicit aggregation tools from hysteresis theory in mathematics and physics to calculate dynamic losses. The authors show that strong market fluctuations generate disproportionately large hysteresis losses for producers. This could give a reason for the implementation of stabilizing measures and policies to prevent strong (price) variations or, alternatively, to reduce the sunk entry and exit costs.     

Target volatility option pricing in the lognormal fractional SABR model

We examine in this article the pricing of target volatility options in the lognormal fractional SABR model. A decomposition formula of Itô's calculus yields an approximation formula for the price of a target volatility option in small time by the technique of freezing the coefficient. A decomposition formula in terms of Malliavin derivatives is also provided. Alternatively, we also derive closed form expressions for a small volatility of volatility expansion of the price of a target volatility option. Numerical experiments show the accuracy of the approximations over a reasonably wide range of parameters.     

引入国债期货合约能否发挥现货市场稳定效应?——基于中国金融周期的研究视角

我国国债期货市场能否发挥稳定现货市场功能,金融周期风险是否会改变国债期货市场对现货市场波动的影响,是投资者实施风险管理和监管部门构建市场稳定机制的重要依据。本文通过信息传递机制和交易者行为两个维度探析国债期货市场发挥稳定功能的微观机理,分析金融周期风险对衍生工具稳定功能的影响,解析引入国债期货合约能否缓解金融周期波动对国债市场冲击,同时关注我国国债期货交易机制改进与现券波动关系。研究发现:(1)我国国债期货市场已实现抑制现货市场波动的功能,金融周期风险会引发现货价格波动,国债期货市场能够降低金融周期的波动冲击;(2)改善现货市场深度和套保交易是国债期货市场发挥稳定功能的微观路径,国债期货市场增进国债预期交易量流动性、减弱非预期交易量干扰,金融周期低波动区间套保交易稳定作用受到抑制;(3)国债期货投机交易和波动溢出效应助长现货市场波动,正负期现基差对国债波动影响具有非对称特征。     

使用粒子群算法解决期权定价模型参数校准问题——以heston模型为例

期权定价模型的参数校准问题是一个常见的难题,以heston 模型为例,定价时需要估计6 个参数,参数估计问题实质上是高维非线性规划问题,由于估参函数的性质不好,一般的估参方法常常失效。使用粒子群（PSO）智能算法可以改善该模型的参数校准问题,因为粒子群算法具有内在随机性,因此参数估计中的局部极小值问题可以被较好地解决。使用2017 年12 月20 日的香港恒生指数期权作为估计样本,并对2017 年12 月25 日的期权进行样本外预测,数值结果表明使用heston 模型对期权进行定价并配合粒子群算法估计参数具有良好的定价效果。     

A Comparison of Two Quadratic Approaches to Hedging in Incomplete Markets

This paper provides comparative theoretical and numerical results on risks, values, and hedging strategies for local risk-minimization versus mean-variance hedging in a class of stochastic volatility models. We explain the theory for both hedging approaches in a general framework, specialize to a Markovian situation, and analyze in detail variants of the well-known Heston (1993) and Stein and Stein (1991) stochastic volatility models. Numerical results are obtained mainly by PDE and simulation methods. In addition, we take special care to check that all of our examples do satisfy the conditions required by the general theory.     

试论股票期权激励的有效性条件

股票期权虽然是美国企业普遍采用的激励经理人员的模式，但是在不同的行业和不同的组织中具有不同的特点。我国企业在推行股票期权激励过程中，应该注意到这只是激励经理人员的一种模式，注意到股票期权的采用是对经理人员薪酬结构的调整，特别要考虑到我国企业所面临的现实环境中还存在着许多不利于股票期权激励模式发挥效率的限制条件。否则，股票期权激励就难以产生预期的效果。     

Minimum option prices under decreasing absolute risk aversion

We establish bounds on option prices in an economy where the representative investor has an unknown utility function that is constrained to belong to the family of nonincreasing absolute risk averse functions. For any distribution of terminal consumption, we identify a procedure that establishes the lower bound of option prices. We prove that the lower bound derives from a particular negative exponential utility function. We also identify lower bounds of option prices in a decreasing relative risk averse economy. For this case, we find that the lower bound is determined by a power utility function. Similar to other recent findings, for the latter case, we confirm that under lognormality of consumption, the Black Scholes price is a lower bound. The main advantage of our bounding methodology is that it can be applied to any arbitrary marginal distribution for consumption. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.